信用Analysis Basics

信用analysis analyzes corporations或其他投资者或其他债务发出的组织bond portfolio managementto assure the company's eligibility to meet its financial obligations.

信用分析旨在评估与投资特定公司相关的默认风险水平。

While operating margins, fixed expenses, overhead loads, and cash flows are all considered in both equity and credit analysis, the emphasis in each is different.

However, agood credit ratingdoes not guarantee good stock performance; knowing how credit rating works can help you analyze a company's stock performance potential.

It concludes by including an assessment of the available quantitative and qualitative data regarding a client'screditworthinessand recommendations on whether or not to approve the loan request.

It aims to determine a client's risk of default and assign a risk rating to each client. The risk rating will decide whether the company will endorse (or reject) the loan application and the amount of credit that will be granted if it is approved.

信用分析方法

Following are the methods:

1. The classic method of CAB

Traditionally, most banks relied on subjective judgment to assess a corporate borrower's credit risk. Bankers essentially used information on various borrower characteristics (5 C's of Credit) – such as character, capital, capacity, and collateral – to determine whether or not to make a given loan.

Creating this type of expert system takes time and money. As a result, banks have attempted to replicate their decision-making process occasionally.

Even so, many banks continue to rely primarily on their traditional expert system for evaluating potential borrowers when granting credit to corporate customers.

What Are the 5 C's of Credit?

The first things all lenders learn and use to make loan decisions are the "Five C's of Credit": Character, Conditions, Capital, Capacity, and Collateral. These are the criteria your prospective lender uses to determine whether to make you a loan.

The 5 C's are:

1-Character:As a borrower, this assesses your dependability and trustworthiness. Lenders will typically check your credit score, credit history, and how you've handled your debt obligations in the past.

2-Capacity:This needs toconsider your cash flow并表示您偿还债务的能力。银行和贷方想知道潜在的借款人是否有足够的现金来偿还他们的借款。

3-Capital:Lenders assess your debt level,net worth, and equity to determine your access to capital. The more equity you have and the less total debt you have, the better to assure that your loan application gets approved.

4-Conditions:贷款stitutions analyze the new economic state of the business's industry, as well as the borrower's intended use of the funds. They also want to know how the borrower intends to use the loan proceeds.

5-Collateral:This refers to the business and personal assets you can use to secure the loan. The other four characteristics will be more critical for loans that do not require collateral, such as an unsecured loan.

2.信用Scoring Method

One of the most critical aspects of credit risk assessment is determining customer dependability in terms of timely loan repayment. This is done based on a credit history analysis and scoring based on the characteristics of the customer.

信用bureaus frequently provide information on how customers have paid back and continue to repay their debts. In contrast, credit scoring models are used in customer assessment.

信用评分是什么bout?

A credit score is a three-digit number between 300 and 850 representing your credit risk. Credit risk means the possibility of paying your bills on time.

有许多信用评分和评分模型。通常，较高的信用评分会导致更好的信用术语。

哪些因素会影响信用评分计算？

信用scores are calculated using information from your credit reports, such as payment history, the debt amount, and length of credit history.

Higher scores indicate that you have previously demonstrated responsible credit behavior, which may give potential lenders and creditors more confidence when evaluating a credit request.

信用score ranges differ depending on the credit scoring model used but are generally similar to:

• 300-579: Bad
• 580-669: Fair
• 670-739: Good
• 740-799: Very good
• 800-850: Excellent

任何信用分析的三个关键步骤

1. Information gathering

在此早期，需要银行信息，例如信用扩展，付款历史记录和恢复来源。

For example, in the case of a corporation seeking a loan, a credit analysis would look into future investments and how the borrowed funds will be used.

同样，贷方将研究该人是身体上还是合法的，可以保证确保债务的全部偿还。

2.信息分析

This process in traditional credit scoring begins with verifying documents such as identification, passports, and business licenses, among others. It then examines previous financial data such as balance sheets,financial statements, cash flow, etc.

In the case of a company, the project's scope is also investigated, that is, whether the project is scalable, as well as its business performance, competition levels, and company growth.

Analysts use this information to determine potential risks and whether the individual or institution will have enough liquidity to repay the loan. However, because this is a manual process, it can take a long time.

3. Decision making

After the analyst collects and verifies the information in a traditional credit analysis model, he identifies the risk. Then, he sends his positive or negative recommendation to a credit committee, which makes the final decision. As a result, there are more time delays.

What are the Keystones of CAB?

Financial circumstances

A borrower's financial assessment examines its revenue and cost structures independently (using a cross-section of meaningful ratios and metrics) compared to peer-group and industry benchmarks.

如果公司有信用额cost structurethat allows it to generate generally higher-than-average profits throughout all stages of its business cycle.

A strong company should demonstrate pricing power or the ability to pass on increases in raw material and component costs to customers at higher prices. It should also demonstrate management flexibility in responding to changing market conditions by adjusting production and labor costs.

A company is considered weak for credit purposes if it can only generate above-average performance during the peak of its business cycle when demand is high.

A company is also considered weak if it is regularly hampered by burdensomefixed costs and has成功降低成本的有限记录，尤其是当它的价格已经高于同行时。

Competitive position

A company's competitive position in its market can significantly impact its ability to sustain its financial position so that detailed credit analysis may consider competitive factors and situations.

• A business strategy that appears to be consistent with industry trends and adaptable to market changes indicates a solid competitive position.
• A poorly articulated business strategy that is clearly at odds with market trends, products that show little or no price premium over competitive products, high rates of customer defection or dissatisfaction, and a low rate of reinvestment relative to peers are all indicators of a weak company.

Business environment

Country risk is an analysis of how changes in the political, legal, regulatory, social, and tax climates can impact countries where the company does significant business and may hurt the company's business activities.

• Isolation from these risk factors is an indication of a company's strength.
• 另一方面，弱点的指标可能包括由于频繁而显着波动的成本currencytranslation gains and losses and earnings that fluctuate considerably as the company moves through the peaks and valleys of an industry cycle.

What are the credit analysis techniques?

1. Ratio analysis

Your debt to credit ratio, also known as your credit utilization rate or debt to credit rate, is the amount of available credit you use divided by the total amount of credit available to you or your credit limits.

Companies use ratios to compare themselves. For example, they assess stocks within a specific industry. Similarly, they reach a company's current numbers to its historical numbers.

In most cases, understanding the variables driving ratios is also essential because Management has the flexibility to change its strategy to make its in-stock and company ratios more appealing.

Ratios are generally used in conjunction with other ratios rather than alone. However, knowing the proportions in each of the four previously mentioned categories will provide you with a comprehensive view of the company from various perspectives and assist you in spotting potential red flags.

2.趋势分析

A trend analysis evaluates an organization's financial data over time. Depending on the circumstances, periods can be measured in months, quarters, or years.

The objective would be to compute and analyze the amount and percentage change from one period to the next. When adding numerical data to a chart, you can identify three types of trends.

• Upward trend

An uptrend, also known as an upward trend, indicates that your data points are increasing. Depending on the variable you're looking at and your goal, this could mean different things.

• Downward trend

另一方面，下降趋势表明您的变量的值正在下降。

For example, investors may need to proceed with caution if a company's profit falls sharply because the stock is risky. After all, its price is falling.

• Horizontal trend

The horizontal line represents stagnation. In other words, prices and other metrics are not rising or falling; instead, they are stagnant. Therefore, investing based on horizontal trends is risky because you never know what will happen.

3.现金流量分析

Cash flow analysis determines a company'sworking capital, which helps you understand whether your company can pay its bills and generate enough cash to continue operating indefinitely.

Long-term negative cash flow situations can indicate impending bankruptcy, whereas consistent positive cash flow often shows good things to come.

4. Projections

Project analysis evaluates every expense or problem associated with a project before the start of work on it. The selection process begins after determining the profitability of a project.

Researched and authored by Ranad Rashwan|LinkedIn

Edited by Colt DiGiovanni|LinkedIn

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