Government Spending

政府支出或支出是指公共部门在提供教育，社会保护，医疗保健和辩护等服务方面花费的钱，以及收购商品。manbetx 2.0下载

It enables the government to produce or purchase goods and services required to fulfill social and economic objectives in an economy in the form of current or capital spending.

目前的货币支出是短期的，包括工资和原材料支出。同时，资本支出是长期的，并且在物理资产上，也称为社会资本。

它由

• 政府最终消费支出

As per国民收入会计，这是政府花费的总交易金额，用于直接满足该国成员的集体或个人需求的商品和服务。manbetx 2.0下载

• Fixed capital formation

This creates future benefits such as infrastructure investment in roads, railways, airports, communication, and research spendings like defense, space, genetics, and health like water collection and sewage systems.

• Transfer payments

在这里，转移代表了货币的转移，而不是商品和服务的交易。manbetx 2.0下载它包括安全付款，失业福利和退休金。

Sources

The sources of finances for the government are:

• 政府借款

这是以债务工具的形式衡量的，是政府部门的总债务，这是一项财务上的索赔，要求很快由债务人支付利息以及本金。

It can either be in the form of borrowing money from our citizens or foreigners.

The reason behind borrowing is to act as an economic shock absorber. Theworldwide debtin 2020 was $87.4 US trillion, accounting for 40% of the total debt, including corporate and household debt.

它的积累导致利率上升，这挤出了私人投资。如果债务超过国内生产总值的80％，这也会导致增长率较慢。

• Taxes

It is a compulsory financial charge imposed on an individual or a legal editor to generate funds. It can be a direct or indirect tax, paid in money, or as its labor equivalent.

Some countries use a flat percentage rate of taxation on personal annual income. Most countries charge scale taxes which are progressive and charged on individual's income and corporate income.

Wealth tax, estate tax, inheritance tax, gift tax, property tax, use tax, sales tax, payroll tax, tariffs and duties are imposed by the countries.

• 定制职责

它指的是货物施加的税收，当时它们被运输到国际边界。它导致收入产生，规范货物的流动和保障国内行业。

基本的海关税，补偿义务，额外的海关或特殊的反补税，保护税和反倾销义务是宣布达到多个目标的一些责任。

• 销售或租赁自然资源manbetx3.0手机客户端

资源租金是指售出自然资源产出的价格与其各自的提取和生产成本（包括在其上获得的正常回报）之间的差额。

A lease involves selling the rights held by the public to another party for exploration and development. These rights are owned for a limited period without producing, extracting, or selling the resource.

诸如国家公园入场费，许可费等的费用也可以作为消息来源。

Advantages and disadvantages

一些优势是：

• 它推动经济增长

随着资金用于基础设施和劳动力中的就业创造，更多的发展导致投资者的吸引力更大，从而开设了更多的就业机会，并增加了收入和增长。

• Increases government control on spending

需要做出更明智的决定，同时优先考虑项目，因为他们需要以高利率偿还贷款。

• 它保护

在战争时期，它可以作为军方的资金存储并保护一个国家的土地和公民来帮助。

A few disadvantages are:

• 这可能导致经济不良

在赤字时期，从其他国家或金融机构借贷会形成一个恶性循环，使经济陷入困境。

Another effect deals with a hike in taxes, reduction of public services, and increase in the price of commodities which results in inflation and a lower standard of living for the citizens of that country.

• 它减少了投资

由于贷款管理的无能为力，债务大大增加，导致经济衰退。这导致花费更少的钱用于基础设施，也阻止投资者在自己的国家开展业务。

• It can risk national sovereignty.

At times of recession, countries that lend money make certain demands before providing loans. Excessive spending by the government by borrowing may force them to change their policies and laws and lead to selling land and other assets to pay off debts.

目标

国防

The money spent on defense is huge as some nations manufacture their defense equipment or outsource the production to private companies abroad.

Expenditures on defense industries are economically beneficial as weapons manufacturing would generate employment and sales like any other business.

It also helps achieve peace by creating more value through robust national security, fewer disruptions, and nations not being treated as soft targets.

据观察，致力于使其防御系统强大的十大国家是美国，中国，俄罗斯，英国，德国，印度，日本，韩国，沙特阿拉伯和澳大利亚。

Pension

The country's aging population requires a higher expenditure on pensions and health care. Money spent on pensions has no impact on enhancing productivity in an economy.

Health care and medical research

这包括最终消费医疗保健产品和服务，个人医疗保健和集体服务的支出。manbetx 2.0下载在医院，医师和药物上的支出占医疗保健费用的三分之二。

Personal health care implies curative care, rehabilitative care, long-term care, medical goods, and ancillary services. Collective services imply prevention and public health services along with health administration.

福利

They help reduce levels of inequalities. It has a negative impact, i.e., reduced incentive to work, and a positive effect, i.e., efficient functioning-for example, Unemployment benefits, which enable maintenance of minimum income and avoidance of absolute poverty.

Higher debt interest payments

更高的债务和较高的债券收益率增加了借贷成本，导致投资者支出这笔支出，没有经济利益。

Infrastructure investment

Higher money spent on roads and railways helps remove supply bottlenecks and improve efficiency, thereby boosting long-term economic growth.

Education and training

它涵盖了用于提高技能和教育的资金，从而提高了劳动力生产率和更高的长期经济增长。

世界各地的政府开支

Early-industrialized countries

在上个世纪，在各个国家都观察到了进化。

涵盖的四个范围是

1. Until World War:Public expenditure was low and concentrated only on essential functions like maintaining order and enforcing property rights. It was less than 2% of national income until 1916 in the United States.

2.1915- 1945:支付的货币通常是动荡的，尤其是在大量参与世界大战的国家，更多地关注国防支出和国民收入。

3. 1945- 1980:As a result of growth in social disbursement of money, public expenditure grew fast. It was accompanied by a remarkable increase in revenues over the same period.

4.自1980年以来expenditure growth started slowing down, and in some cases, it went down in relative terms. It is higher now than in the period before the second world war.

By the end of the 19th century, European countries spent less than 10% of gross domestic product; in the 21st century, it exceeded 50% in many countries.

Substantial growth in the 20th century was largely driven by expanding public funding for healthcare and education.

最近的趋势

根据data published as a part of World Development Indicators, the International Monetary Fund (国际货币基金组织) gives the most striking feature of the expenditure, which is the degree of heterogeneity across the regions of the world.

在高收入国家，尤其是在欧洲，当局倾向于控制国家生产的份额比低收入国家大得多。在法国花费的钱占所有国家产出的近50％；在尼日利亚，为6％。

最近的数据表明，全世界政府经常依靠私营部门来生产和管理商品和服务。manbetx 2.0下载公私伙伴关系已成为资助和运营各种项目的流行机制。

国际货币基金组织出版的国内生产总值的最新国家一般政府支出清单是：

国家-wise list of government spending

国家	政府支出（GDP的百分比）	国家	政府支出（GDP的百分比）
Costa Rica	34.27	智利	26.41
哥伦比亚	37.21	Ireland	27.36
Switzerland	37.77	Korea	33.87
Israel	39.60	Germany	50.84
Lithuania	42.89	匈牙利	51.26
Latvia	43.20	斯洛文尼亚	51.32
澳大利亚	43.81	英国	51.46
Slovak Republic	45.55	Spain	52.43
Estonia	45.89	Sweden	52.56
卢森堡	47.18	丹麦	53.43
捷克共和国	47.22	Italy	57.00
日本	47.25	Finland	57.04
United States	47.79	奥地利	57.06
荷兰	48.05	Norway	58.24
波兰	48.41	比利时	59.21
Portugal	49.34	冰岛	50.73
France	61.64	希腊	59.80

宏观经济政策的含义

Numerous factors affect the level of money disbursement, including a country's population, fiscal policies, and other policies imposed to encourage income equality and redistribution.

在宏观经济政策的影响下，我们看到了财政政策的影响。

• Fiscal policy uses government spending (G) or taxation (T) as a mechanism to influence the economy. This is a very useful economic tool used in an economy.
• 这些财政政策可以是扩张或收缩。
• 扩张政策意味着T的增加或T的减少。这些政策用于在经济衰退期间刺激经济。
• An increase in G directly increases demand, thereby increasing employment and output in an economy.

• 扩张性财政政策导致广告向右移动。
• Contractionary policies imply a decrease in G or an increase in T. These are used to cool down the economy during an economic boom and help keep a check on inflation.

• Contractionary fiscal policy causes the AD curve to shift to the left.
• 在短期内，G通过自动稳定而发生G变化。
• 自动稳定意味着现有政策会自动改变G或T，以应对经济变化。自动稳定器的一个例子是失业保险。
• 当政府采取行动改变G或T时，它被称为酌处稳定。
• 根据John Maynard Keynes，G的增加增加了总需求和消费，从而导致生产增加并从经济衰退中恢复更快

拥挤的效果

The potential shifting of resources from the private to the public sector due to G is called crowding out. The above figure depicts a capital market, for instance, loanable funds.

The initial equilibrium is A, where the equilibrium quantity of capital is K1, and the interest rate is R1. With an increase in G, the supply curve shifts from S1 to S2, and a new equilibrium point B is generated with equilibrium quantity K2 and interest rate R2.

Since borrowing has become more expensive, savings are taken away from the market, crowding some private investments and limiting economic growth.

乘数

The government expenditure multiplier (GM) denoted by KG is the ratio of change in income to change in government spending.

G的自动增加产生了多次收入。

Where K_Gis:

MPC is a marginal propensity to consume, and MPS is a marginal propensity to save.

Researched and authored by Parul Gupta|LinkedIn

Edited by Colt DiGiovanni|LinkedIn

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To continue learning and advancing your career, check out these additional helpful WSO resources:

• 金融经济学
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
• 国内生产总值（GDP）
• 国民生产总值
• Headline Effect