帕累托的改进
An economic outcome leaves at least one financial agent better off while leaving no other agent worse off
In economics, a Pareto improvement occurs when an economic outcome leaves at least one financial agent better off while leaving no other agent worse off. It represents society's net benefit or a net welfare gain.
可以改进的情况称为帕累托主导。帕累托的修改将发生，直到没有使某人变得更糟的情况下，没有人会变得更好。这是called reaching Pareto efficiency，或帕累托平衡。
这个想法广泛用于新古典经济学，该经济学在20世纪越来越受欢迎。但是，与古典经济学相比，这是一种相对较新的理论。具体而言，它与福利经济学，经济效率和收入分配有关。
除了经济研究以外，这种关键概念可以在许多领域中广泛使用。例如，它可用于运行包括工程和生物学方面的权衡的模拟。
These simulations aimto improve one variable's value as much as possible while keeping other variables constant, also known as多目标优化。
如果一项行动会导致帕累托的改善（也就是说，这将有助于至少一个代理人，而没有其他代理人更糟），那么大多数经济学家认为必须毫无疑问采取这种行动。它一定是“不费吹灰之力”。
但是，一系列经济学家还鼓励我们更深入地研究所讨论的问题。尽管对社会有净收益，但我们不能确定这样的结果是否公平。公平是经济学决策中要考虑的重要层面。
Understanding the concept
这些总是为经济。这是因为它至少受益一个人。通过利益，我们通常意味着该人最终获得的资源比以前拥有的更多。manbetx3.0手机客户端
同时，其他社会成员仍然拥有相同的资源。manbetx3.0手机客户端
这个想法首先是由一个名叫的意大利人概念化的Vilfredo Pareto。他是一名经济学家土木工程师，社会学家，政治学家和哲学家。他负责引入许多重要理论微观经济学领域。
According to him, such decisions automatically cause a net benefit to society. This is why neoclassical theory generally suggests that if a decision provides a gain to society, that action must be taken.
A society can reach a point where such improvements are not possible. No one can improve their well-being without making another person worse off.
According to Vilfredo, this represents an ideal civilization. He called this situation a Pareto optimum. In such states, all resources have been distributed as efficiently as possible.
如果所有资源都manbetx3.0手机客户端在任何市场上有效地分配，则据说市场有效运营。从理论上讲，市场失败将没有空间。
这是最终目标：establishing perfectly efficient markets，，，，the central pillar of neoclassical economics.
This idea can be used for numerous reasons in various fields, including:
- Engineering
- 生物学
- 商业
- 公共政策
例如，企业主可以尝试不同的投入组合来衡量总产出，体验帕累托的改善并可能达到最大效率。
在工程学中，该概念用于映射所有帕累托有效的资源组合。manbetx3.0手机客户端在不同的选择中，必须根据每种选项创造的权衡选择一种品种。
Policymakers, however, can't make direct use of this theory. This is because, in reality, perfectly competitive markets do not exist. Therefore, it is not easy to implement the foundations of this theory in decisions concerning resource distribution.
这个概念不仅涉及分配效率（社会成员之间资源分配），还关注富有成效的效率（使用有限资源来最大化生产）。manbetx3.0手机客户端
By definition, perfectly competitive markets must make consecutive Pareto improvements until they reach the optimum state. Hence, competitive markets automatically imply a Pareto-efficient outcome. This is called thefirst fundamental theorem of welfare economics。
这样的市场将有效地分配其资源。manbetx3.0手机客户端
This theory hinges on certain conditions that characterize free markets that must be fulfilled:
- 在所有市场中都存在完美的竞争。
- 有市场佛r all possible goods.
- 市场外部性不存在（意外的成本或由无关第三方经历的经济活动产生的收益）
- All market participants have完美的信息。
当存在错误信息，负面外部性或任何可能破坏自由市场的东西时，竞争市场不会在参与者中有效地分配资源。manbetx3.0手机客户端因此，它们不会有效。
Pareto improvement and the production possibilities frontier
One of the most critical applications of the concept can be found in the production possibilities frontier (PPF). The PPF is a curve that shows how much of two goods can be produced in an economy, given a finite amount of resources.
An economy is said to be using its resources efficiently if it operates along the curve. This means that no help is going to waste, and all available resources are employed optimally.
The PPF displays an essential concept in microeconomics:opportunity cost。If an economy fully utilizes resources, producing more of one good requires paying less for the other.
The two outcomes, however, can be regarded as economically efficient outcomes.
下面的曲线代表了生产两种商品的经济的假设生产可能性边界：产品A和产品B。
点1、2和3在曲线上。因此，产品A和B的这三个组合显示了资源的实际用法。manbetx3.0手机客户端如果不牺牲所有资源的耗尽，经济就无法产生更多的好A。manbetx3.0手机客户端
Therefore, those three choices represent Pareto-efficient choices because there is no possibility of increasing one good's production without decreasing the other's output.
Points 5, and 6, however, represent Pareto-inefficient outcomes because there is room to increase the production of one good without decreasing the output of the other. Moreover, the economy can even increase the production of both goods.
Points 5 and 6 provide opportunities for Pareto improvements within the economy. Moving from point 6 to point five or from point 6 to point 1 represents such improvements.
That is because moving outwards towards the curve enables the economy to produce more of both goods by using its resources more efficiently.
Note that point 4 is neither Pareto efficient nor inefficient. It is simply an impossible combination of goods A and B to produce. This is because the economy does not have the necessary resources or the technology to pay that much.
It requires an improvement in resource usage, technology, or both, to reach point 4.
批评
Vilfredo Pareto's contributions in this field are undoubtedly valuable. The ideas of Pareto efficiency and improvement provided foundations of how and why perfectly competitive markets gradually become economically efficient.
但是，与许多理论一样，有些人批评了他的假设的优点：
1。Being presented as an economic theory, many critics argue it lacks the ability for societal optimization. Societal optimization enters the normative aspect of economics. This school of thought is concerned with outcomes being morally acceptable or not.
Vilfredo's theories fall into the category of positive economics. Positive economics only states the facts that policies bring about. For example, these improvements are economically efficient because it allocates resources more efficiently.
抹黑帕累托理论的经济学家流称为政治经济学家。他们声称经济决定必须是公平的。
经济公平意味着公平；所有代理必须提供最低收入和资源，以提高manbetx3.0手机客户端economic growth。
Even though it can distribute goods and services more efficiently, it doesn't mean it is always fair or equitable. Two different decisions may be Pareto improvements, but one of them may be more acceptable than the other.
例如,将作出决定rich better off without making the poor worse off and a decision that will make the poor better off without making the rich worse off are both Pareto improvements.
但是，如果政策制定者的目标是为穷人提供帮助，那么第二个决定可能更合适。
2。根据其他批评家的说法，找不到帕累托的改善。经济学上有一个说法：“有没有免费午餐之类的东西。" Individuals of society immediately seize profit opportunities, so finding such improvements is incredibly difficult.
可以补偿吗？
一些决定可能会对社会产生净收益，但不能归类为帕累托的改善。也就是说，有些政党的情况更糟，但是另一方所经历的收益更为重要，从而为社会带来了净利润。
例如，假设政府希望在一个中度拥挤的地区附近建造一条新铁路，以通过火车。这将通过促进运输来使多个政党（企业和人员）受益。
但是，这将对住在附近的人产生负面影响。此外，新的铁路和过往的火车可能会导致噪音和空气污染。这是社会经济福利的减少。
让我们假设给予社会的好处（易于运输）大于铁路原因的伤害（噪声和空气污染）。这意味着建造新铁路将为社会带来净收益。
Nevertheless, this decision can't be classified as a Pareto improvement. Although a party is benefiting from this action, another group is also getting harmed.
In monetary terms, suppose that the total transportation benefits that the railway brings are worth $10 billion. However, the harm it will cause amounts to $2 billion. Therefore, if the cost of building the railway is $3 billion, society will experience a net gain of 10 - 2 - 3 = $5 billion.
政府能否弥补受新铁路建设对负面影响的人？政府可以花20亿美元来改善居住在铁路附近的公民的福利（通过福利计划或直接的经济补偿）。
这样，就没有任何政党“更糟”，因为受到负面影响的人被钱补偿。但是，该计划可能会引起一些问题：
- 许多不受建筑影响影响的公民可能需要政府的援助。政府必须仔细决定要补偿谁。
- 通常，建筑物对人们的健康和精神状态（噪声和污染）造成的伤害不能用货币衡量。
- 同样，对环境造成的损害并不能总是用金钱来补偿。
Similar theories
如前所述，任何将改善一个人或团体的福祉而不会使任何人变得更糟的决定都被称为帕累托的改善。但是，这种改善的情况非常严格。
因此，许多其他理论的要求略少一些。两种主要的替代方法是：
Kaldor-Hicks效率：
A Kaldor-Hicks improvement also gives a net benefit to society. However, it does not require that no party experiences a decrease in their welfare like a Pareto improvement. Therefore, a Kaldor-Hicks improvement represents an enhanced version of Pareto's principles from a practical standpoint.
只要净结果使社会受益，即使某人的情况恶化，任何决定都被认为是Kaldor-Hicks的改善。仅要求收益比损失更为重要，从而创造净积极福利。
由于收益大于社会的损失，因此无需补偿受到损害以被归类为Kaldor-Hicks改善的个人。
Bayesian Efficiency:
贝叶斯效率是帕累托理论的另一个分支。唯一的区别是，贝叶斯原则打破了后者的关键假设之一：所有市场参与者都有完美的信息。
Bayesian efficiency is characterized by incomplete information. It is a situation where no decision can be made that leaves an agent better off without leaving another agent worse off.
它实际上可以不仅仅是帕累托的原则。这通常是因为市场参与者隐藏了他们的信息和策略。
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