身体的Capital
输入以生产最终商品和服务。manbetx 2.0下载
身体的capital consists of all tangible and man-made assets or inputs to produce final goods and services. Therefore, they are crucial to the economy as they support the production of goods and services.
根据经济学的古典和新古典理论，它是生产的三个主要因素之一。物理资本包括生产过程中涉及的机械，建筑物，车辆和其他设备。
The level of physical capital in an economy is directly proportional to the output generated. This is because, with an increase in assets supporting manufacturing activities, firms' productivity increases, and aggregate output in the economy rises.
These durable non-financial assets are critical in converting raw materials into final goods. Thus, they are an essential contributor to a nation'sreal Gross Domestic Product (real GDP) growth.
In simpler words, it can be understood as follows:
- 身体的- 这是指切实的属性。这将物理资本与人力和金融资本区分开。
- Capital- 这是指支持经济活动的人造资产。资本对一个国家经济进步和繁荣的重要性由Adam Smithin his book "The Wealth of Nations."
Thus, the term refers to all real assets used in manufacturing goods. They are also known as real capital, capital stock, or capital assets.
Since these assets cannot be divided into smaller parts and sold for monetary value, they are consideredilliquid. These assets are also susceptible to natural depreciation. This means that their value diminishes over time with constant usage.
由于其流动性不足和可减去性质，评估和衡量其价值变得困难。因此，相反，他们从组织的整体估值中得出了价值。
This implies that any organizational changes, like a merger or a demerger, affect the value of the capital stock. Furthermore, in some cases, economists disagree on classifying assets as land or capital.
For example, some analysts classify a company's building as a physical asset, while some argue that it is part of the land. This makes the valuation of assets subjective to the analyst.
Some assets are customized to serve a specific purpose. For example, a beverage company uses a particular machine for a specific bottle design that cannot be used for other purposes. This reduces the machine's resale value and makes it an inaccurate depiction of its real value.
Capital assets also require heavy investment from entrepreneurs in the early phases of production. That is, the producer must first purchase a plant and invest in all necessary equipment before they can start producing the first unit.
Industries that require heavy investment in physical assets may haveentry barriers. For example, a new firm cannot enter the industry without investing extensively in such assets.
This poses a challenge for start-ups involved in manufacturing-intensive industries.
例子包括电信行业,requires a heavy and widespread stock of physical assets.
Factors of production
Factors of production refer to all inputs needed for creating a good or service to earn an经济利润. This includes any resource involved in the production of a good or service.
There are four factors of production:
- 土地
- 劳动
- Capital
- Entrepreneurship
However, classical economist Adam Smith proposed three factors of production: land/natural resources, labor/human capital, and physical capital. Human capital here also includes the expertise and talent of the entrepreneur and labor involved.
The aggregate production function is the technical relationship between the number of inputs and the quantity of output of a particular good. Economists use the aggregate production function to study economic growth in a nation.
The production function of goods in an economy is given as,
y = f（k，l，n）
在哪里，
y =总生产功能
F = production function
k =资本库存
L = labor/human resources
N = land/natural resources
因此，它告诉我们物理资产和工人意见对经济产出的影响。
Through this production equation and the theories of Adam Smith, economists conclude that total production in a nation increases with an increase in capital stock.
没有这些因素的相互作用，就无法产生好处。
Let us take a look at the other factors of production.
Other factors of production
Some of the other factors of production are:
1. Land/Natural resources
土地/自然资源包括所有商业manbetx3.0手机客户端和农业房地产以及所有可用的资源。它包括建造商店，植物，运输设施和工厂的土地。
其他的例子包括自然资源manbetx3.0手机客户端oil and gold that can be extracted from the land and sold.
土地是生产的重要因素。但是，其重要性可能会因行业而异。例如，软件行业的一家公司在土地上的投资少于制造公司。
Both physical assets and natural resources are tangible. They differ only because human capital assets are built, whereas natural resources are found to exist in nature.
Some factors, like buildings, can be categorized as both natural or capital assets, as they share characteristics of both. For example, the building is man-made, whereas the land it stands on is a natural resource. This creates conflict in its classification.
2.劳动/人力资本
劳动/human capital refers to the efforts and expertise of all individuals involved in producing a good or service.
For example, a construction worker working on a building, the employees in the building, and the managers overseeing operations in the building are all part of human capital.
Unlike physical assets, they are intangible as they include human knowledge, experiences, expertise, and capabilities.
它与物理资产不同的其他一些方式在下面。
Human vs. physical capital
| HUMAN CAPITAL | PHYSICAL CAPITAL |
|---|---|
| 负责为商品和服务增加价值。manbetx 2.0下载 | Develops and produces finished goods and services. |
| Relies on knowledge, ideas, skillset, and experience. | It relies on raw materials. |
| 指劳动，工作时间，新计划等。 | 指设备，机械，工具等。 |
| 它超越了制造过程，涉及计划和决策。 | Mostly involved in production. |
| 无形且复杂的测量。 | Tangible and relatively simpler to measure. |
| Measured against the quality of the final product. | 根据最终产品的市场价格衡量。 |
| The skills cannot be separated from their owner. | The equipment can be separated from its owner through resale. |
| It can be used for multiple purposes and not just for production. Conventionally, a skilled worker adds more value to society than an unskilled worker. | Only useful for the firm that employs it. |
| Its value increases with time as people gain more experience and knowledge. | Its value decreases with time as they depreciate with use. |
| These assets do not appear on the balance sheet of the company. | They are visible as assets on the balance sheet of a company. |
| They cannot be sold at any cost as they cannot be separated from their owner. They can, however, be shared as managers pass on their knowledge to employees. | They can be resold for cash or sold for their scrap value. |
| 这种资产的国际流动性很复杂，因为它涉及移民法。 | 这种资产通常会使用国际运输业出口到其他国家，而没有任何贸易障碍并发症。 |
Types of physical capital
可以根据其流动性将物理资产分为两个不同的类别：
- 营运资金是指可容易转换为现金的公司的流动资产。营运资金包括所有具有较高流动性的资产，例如手中的原材料和现金库存或任何其他可以轻松转换为货币的资产。
It is used to meet the short-term requirements of a company. Also known as Net Working Capital (NWC), it is the difference between a company's current assets and current liabilities.
Other common examples include unpaid pills by debtors/accounts receivables and cash equivalents.
- Fixed Capital - This refers to all physical investments that can be used multiple times. They are used to fulfill long-term requirements. Since they are fixed, they cannot be readily converted to cash.
例如建筑物，重型机械和设备。尽管它们是长期资产，但由于折旧，其价值随时间下降。另一方面，这种资产持续延长了更长的时间。
这些资产通常只出售或取代了船尾er many years as they require a considerable investment.
例如，汽车行业中一家公司的固定资本资产可能包括：
- 工厂场所。
- The tools and equipment required for the assembly of automobile parts.
- Robots or computerized equipment performing precision tasks.
- 机械和输送带用于移动设备。
- All technology controls the operations of machinery.
As you can see, the inclusions of physical capital differ according to the industry.
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