Federal Reserve (The Fed)
我t is the key economic establishment in the U.S.
Headquartered in Washington D.C, the central banking system of the United States of America, known as the Federal Reserve The Fed, is the key economic establishment in the U.S.
我t supplements the operations of the U.S经济。
这Fed preserves a strong influence over the global economy, making it a vastly influential and important financial institution internationally.
美联储以公共利益行事financial system stability byadjusting interest rates, money supply, and bank regulations.
这Fed is responsible for administering the Monetary Policy without intervention from legislation, independently from the government.
美联储有权在美国经济中执行五个关键功能：
Conducting the U.S. Monetary Policy
Promoting Financial System Stability
促进金融机构的安全性和健全性
支付系统的监督
促进客户保护和社区建设
1. Conducting Monetary policy is a key instrumentwhere the federal funds rate受到影响。美联储影响利率和资本货物支出，consumer products和住房服务。manbetx 2.0下载
我nterest rates have an impact on import and export spending. The Federal Reserve decreases rates to produce economic activity.
货币政策不是针对特定变量的，旨在达到美国的失业率和价格稳定的最低水平。
2.美联储通过确保金融机构之间的联系来监视财务稳定，其中金融市场构建财务实力以承受波动并为消费者提供商品和服务。manbetx 2.0下载
3.多德 - 弗兰克act grants the responsibility of the Federal Reserve to aid those nonbank financial companies that are in financial trouble and distress and whose financial activities may pose a threat to the financial stability in the U.S., considered to be systemically important.
这是防止非银行金融机构未能促进金融体系中的健康，活力，安全性和合理性的保护。
4.美联储监视并监督的政策，系统和运营depositoryinstitutions and other agencies associated with the government, such as the秒，这是证券交易委员会。
它处理国内和外国金融市场基础设施的基础设施。这些政策旨在提高美国支付系统的效率和绩效，并在金融市场中明确问题。
这Fed's supervisory responsibilities necessitate a wide range of engagement at operational levels as well as policymaking levels.
5.美联储还负责保护消费者的贷款和存款交易。美联储的审查员确保信贷成本和利率带有明确的陈述。
Debit cards are also issued by the bank, and the FED ensures that transactions are conducted in a fair manner using appropriate fees and resolving errors timely.
6.最后的贷方是美联储根据紧急情况下的某些条件以折扣价向非银行公司和机构的短期贷款时。
这Fed was established in 1913 to create a safe, flexible, and stable financial system in the act of congress. The key goal was to ensure the American banking system was stable. There was a need for financial discipline, and the FED suited the role of a bank.
Several banks had failed, and there was an outbreak of panic and payment suspensions due to inelastic货币。如果发生不可预见的情况，货币票据供应对需求的变化没有反应。
1907年，一家名为Knickerbocker Trust公司由于缺乏适当的资金来满足存款人的现金提取要求而失败。
As there was no lender of last resort, there was panic which led to bank failure, a reduction in money supply, and经济衰退。
Congress soon created the federal commission to assess the economy, leading to the Federal Reserve's establishment in 1913.
这introduction of the Federal Reserve System was a breakthrough for the U.S. financial system.
这Functions of The Fed
这Fed generates money and currency using OMO. It purchases securities through the market using new currency or by the creation of bank reserves that are issued to commercial banks.
由于银行机构借入一部分存款，银行保留通过储备银行繁殖。
Since the Fed has the authority to control inflation by influencing interest rates, it can lower interest rates and control the money supply by encouraging spending and borrowing, therefore impacting aggregate demand.
它带有a target inflation2％。
长期经济增长is achieved by using price stability and inflation control. Exceeding 3% of aninflation rate demonstrates运营经济的危险经济地位。
尽管美联储的美联储不归任何实体或个人所有，但委员会直接向国会报告美联储的活动。
这Federal Reserve System has a dual structure where it is segmented into the Board of Governors situated in Washington D.C. and an extensive network of twelve Fed Reserve Banks located across the U.S.
这Federal Open Market Committee带来董事会成员和美联储储备银行来实施货币政策。建立了美联储的结构，以确保货币政策受到政治压力的保护。
它的决定受到保护，免受干预。尽管美联储受到政治压力的保护，但Congress有权替代法律决定美联储及其结构。
美联储还向国会报告了审计和货币政策。因此，美联储的结构独立于政府。美联储是独立的，因为货币政策决策不一定得到美联储的批准。
国会监督，主管和美联储必须在经济和财政政策目标的政府框架内进行合作。
货币政策
Monetary policy refers to what the federal reserve does to impact money quantity and credit in the American economy.
货币政策与通货膨胀有关。通货膨胀是一段时间内商品和服务价格持续上涨。manbetx 2.0下载因此它减少了消费支出and purchasing power. When the money supply rapidly increases over time, inflation occurs.
它的资金来自美国政府收入security income and service fees provided to financial institutions. After expenses are paid, 90% of earnings are returned to the U.S. Treasury.
这objectives of the monetary policy include promoting full employment, stable prices, and interest rates. An effective monetary policy contributes to the Fed's objectives and supports经济增长，效率和生产力。
这three key instruments optimized in the monetary policy are开放市场运营，也称为omo，折现率和储备要求。
开放市场运营意味着purchasing and selling政府证券被认为是灵活和熟悉的，经销商就证券价格竞争。
这折扣率是美联储收取的利率是在短期贷款中增加存款机构的押金。储备要求是存放部分，银行将其存款保存在美联储银行中。
这Federal Open Market Committee， 还称为FOMC, is the institution that generates the monetary policy consisting of seven members as part of the BOG, the Board of Governors, the president of the Fed bank, and presidents of four reserve banks coordinating operations on an annual basis.
FOMC会议每年八次举行，在美联储官员之间讨论外汇市场的发展，并在不建议政策的情况下创建了货币政策选择。
我t implements the monetary policy by affecting the rate of federal funds and the财务利率institutions charge one another for loans for reserves in the market. The Fed's monetary policy actions impact the federal funds rate.
联邦资金利率的任何变化都会影响短期利率，影响公司和客户借贷成本，公司的总货币数量和信贷，通货膨胀和就业。
我t uses monetary policy to impact the federal funds rate and stabilizeinflation prices。Monetary policy can either tighten or contract.
To reduce inflation and economic pitfalls, it uses monetary policy instruments to decrease thefederal funds rate。这monetary policy either eases or becomes expansionary.
2014年10月，美联储的票据为12.25万亿美元。货币账单的寿命有各种面额。
较小的账单持续了六年，而较大的笔记散发了15年。美联储分发了$ 1，$ 2，$ 5，$ 5，$ 20，$ 20，$ 50和100美元的票据。创建的最大音符是10,000美元的票据。但是，由于其冗余和过时，它被停止了。
这Federal Reserve's Response to COVID-19
我ts mission is to promote stable prices and full employment for Americans and stimulate financial system stability.
Any type of economy might be subject to a crisis at any given time: the COVID-19 pandemic is a prime example.
它采取关键的行动来减轻经济后果并防止最坏的情况，例如经济衰退或沮丧，从而发生并不利影响金融体系的互连性。
这pandemic is causing global economic difficulty. COVID-19 has had a massive outbreak and negative impact on the functionality of the American economy. It has disrupted business lending, borrowing, and consumer spending and created high levels of unemployment.
它为回应Covid-19采取了关键行动，包括降低政策利率，稳定金融市场，并支持美国经济中的信用流。
美联储迈出的第一步是为了降低联邦资金利率，FOMC的利率的目标，并将其降低到几乎0。
我t is expected to remain the same until the economy recovers from the disruption and normalizes to meet the Fed's objectives.
Borrowing costs are therefore reduced for firms and households, and spending and investment are decreased as the economy evolves from the critical negativity of the economic crisis.
这next step for the Fed was to stabilize the financial market and encourage smooth operations. Trading of securities was relaxed as its volatility in the financial market was hard for buyers and sellers.
美联储购买证券的购买使市场能够在难以交换和出售资产的难度市场中运营。
采购在经济中产生现金，并证明美联储是美国金融体系的强大支持者和支持者。
这last step taken by the Federal Reserve the Fed was introducing temporary funding and lending facilities which are financial assistance programs that the Fed offers to help borrowers meet their funding needs.
在美国财政部批准的情况下，美联储拥有在关键情况下贷款的权力。
尽管Covid-19是一场健康危机，但它对美国的经济和金融市场产生了重大影响。
However, the Fed has responded effectively and made key changes to follow the dual mandate and meet its objectives. The actions have minimized economic harm and established a strong foundation for economic recovery amid a public health crisis.
Summary
在本文中，已经对美联储进行了详细讨论和分析了广泛的主题。
联邦储备是定义的，美联储的作用已被理解，并看到了美联储在1913年的介绍和建立的历史背景。
本文还批评了美联储的结构，独立性，运营机制和所有权。
最后，提供了对货币政策，其影响及其实施的解释，并了解美联储对Covid-19的反应。
自1913年成立以来，美联储系统已经预见了几次过渡。
我ts prominence and strong power over the global financial system have made it a powerful force in promoting the stability of the U.S. economy, with objectives it continues to meet amid a widespread COVID-19 pandemic.
由Haniya Ahmad Wasim研究我LinkedIn
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